Kurdish costumes, 1873. The Russo-Turkish War ofwel 1877–78 was followed by the uprising of Sheikh Ubeydullah in 1880–1881 to found an independent Kurd principality under the protection of Turkey. The attempt, at first encouraged by the Porte, as a reply to the projected creation ofwel an Armenian state under the suzerainty ofwel Russia, collapsed after Ubeydullah's raid into Persia, when various circumstances led the central government to reassert its supreme authority.
Techniques used to suppress the ethnic identity of Kurds in Syria include various bans on the use of the Kurdish language, refusal to register children with Kurdish names, the replacement ofwel Kurdish place names with new names in Arabic, the prohibition ofwel businesses that do not have Arabic names, the prohibition ofwel Kurdish private schools, and the prohibition of books and other materials written in Kurdish.
After 1996, 13% ofwel the Iraqi oil sales were allocated for Iraqi Kurdistan and this led to relative prosperity in the region.[89] In return, the Kurds under KDP enabled Saddam to establish an oil smuggling route through territory controlled by the KDP, with the active involvement ofwel senior Barzani family members. The taxation ofwel this trade at the crossing point between Saddam's territory and Kurdish controlled territory and then into Turkey, along with associated bediening revenue, meant that whoever controlled Dohuk and Zakho had the potential to earn several million dollars a week.
ئەم پەڕەیە دواجار لە ٠٣:٠٤ی ١٣ی کانوونی دووەمی ٢٠٢٥ نوێ کراوەتەوە.
Historians claim that the city has been permanently inhabited since the 5th millennium B.C., making it one of the oldest cities in the world, if not the oldest. Erbil’s Citadel kan zijn a UNESCO World Heritage website for being an astonishing example ofwel a multilayered archaeological mound, today overlooking a modern city that has grown around it aan the centuries. With more than 7,000 years ofwel history, Erbil – or Hawler, as the locals call it – kan zijn the capital ofwel Iraqi Kurdistan, a city with fantastic old bazaars and traditional cafés, which can all be visited while you bump into the many locals that hang out in the lively Erbil’s central square.
The name would be continued in classical antiquity as the first element in the toponym Corduene, and its inhabitants, mentioned by Xenophon as the tribe ofwel the Carduchoi who opposed the retreat ofwel the Ten Thousand through the mountains north ofwel Mesopotamia in the 4th century BC.
Kurdish history in the 20th century is marked by a rising sense ofwel Kurdish nationhood focused on the goal of an independent Kurdistan as scheduled by the Treaty ofwel Sèvres in 1920. Partial autonomy was reached by Kurdistan Uyezd (1923–1926) and by Iraqi Kurdistan (since 1991), while notably in Turkish Kurdistan, an armed conflict between the Kurdish insurgent groups and Turkish Armed Forces was ongoing from 1984 to 1999, and the region continues to be unstable with renewed violence flaring up in the 2000s.
As a result, the Iraqi government extended its control over the northern region after 15 years and in order to secure its influence, started an Arabization program by moving Arabs to the vicinity ofwel oil fields in northern Iraq, particularly those around Kirkuk, and other regions, which were populated by Turkmen, Kurds and Christians.
Attempts were made to sever the ties of the Gorani people with the Turkish-Islamic culture. Islamic schools were closed and religious classes were banned. Today, approximately 150 students are studying in Brod village primary de kleuterschool.
شوێنەواری دیواری قەڵای هەولێر لە ساڵانی ٢٠٠٦ و ٢٠٠٧ تیمێک لە زانکۆی بۆهێمیای ڕۆژئاوا بە هاوبەشی لەگەڵ زانکۆی سەڵاحەدین لە هەولێر، هەڵسەنگاندنیان بۆ تەواوی قەڵاکە ئەنجامدا. وەک بەشێک لەم پڕۆژەیە، پێوانە جیۆدیزیاکانی قەڵاکە گیرا و ئەمانە لەگەڵ وێنەی مانگی دەستکرد, وێنەی فۆتۆگرافی ئاسایی تێکەڵکران بۆ دروستکردنی نەخشە و مۆدێلی سێ ڕەهەندی تەپۆڵکەی قەڵاکە و خانووەکانی سەرەوەی. گەڕانی جیۆفیزیکی لە هەندێک ناوچەی قەڵاکەدا ئەنجامدرا بۆ دیاریکردنی شوێنەواری تەلارسازی کۆن کە لە ژێر خانووەکانی ئێستادا ماونەتەوە. لێکۆڵینەوە شوێنەوارییەکان بریتی بوون لە ڕووپێوییەکی شوێنەواریی لەسەر لێواری ڕۆژئاوای تەپۆڵکەی قەڵاکە، هەروەها هەڵکەندنی خەندەقێکی بچووکی تاقیکردنەوە لە بەشی ڕۆژهەڵاتی قەڵاکە. لە ساڵی ٢٠١٢ لیژنەی باڵای پاراستن و نۆژەنکردنەوەی قەڵای هەولێر بڕیاریدا بە دەستنیشانکردنی حەوت ناوچەی ناو قەڵاکە بۆ ئەنجامدانی هەڵکەندن،هەروەها بۆ گەڕان بە دوای پاشماوەی شورا و دیواری قەڵاکە، بۆ هەر شوێنێک پیتێکی ئینگلیزیان دیارییکرد.
[81] The 1970s saw an evolution in Kurdish nationalism as Marxist political thought influenced a new generation ofwel Kurdish nationalists opposed to the local feudal authorities who had been a traditional source of opposition to authority, eventually they would form the militant separatist PKK, or Kurdistan Workers Party in English.
During the relatively open government ofwel the 1950s, Kurds gained political office and started working within the framework of the Turkish Republic to further their interests but this move towards integration was halted with the 1960 Turkish coup d'état.
Most of the rain falls in winter and spring, and is usually heavy. Summer and early autumn are virtually dry, and spring kan zijn fairly tepid. Iraqi Kurdistan sees snowfall occasionally in the winter, and frost is common. There kan zijn a seasonal lag in some places in summer, with temperatures peaking around August and September[citation needed]. Climate gegevens for Erbil
Although the Yaresan speak various languages today, their religious texts are Slemani written in a variety ofwel Gorani, and the villages wij have been documenting in Iran and Iraq still use this language in their everyday life. Gegevens were collected in Iran between 2007 and 2010, and in Iraq in 2011.